• mother móðir māter mḗtēr mātár mati mācer móteris mayr
  • same sem sama singuli hama samu samlith
  • knee ǵénu kniu gónu jā́nu zānūk gjuni keni
  • wolf wl̥kwos wulfs lupus lúkos vŕ̥kaḥ vǝhrka vlĭkŭ ulk walkw
  • milk hmelǵ miluks mulgeō amélgō mā́ršti marǝzait mŭlzu melg
  • new néwo niujis novus néos náva novŭ naujas newydd nor
  • wheel kwekwlo hvēl kúklos cakrá kolo kellin cylch kugullas
  • give ghabh giban habeō gábhastiḥ gabać gabtun gaibid

Family Tree of Languages Has Roots in Anatolia, Biologists Say

Biologists using tools developed for drawing evolutionary family trees say that they have solved a longstanding problem in archaeology: the origin of the Indo-European family of languages.

Indo-European Languages
Evolution and Locale Maps

All living languages evolve over time, adding & losing vocabulary, morphological behavior, and syntactic structures, and changing in the ways they are pronounced by their speakers.

Aryan Invasion of India: Myth or Truth?

One of the main ideas used to interpret and generally devalue the ancient history of India is the theory of the Aryan invasion. According to this account, India was invaded and conquered by nomadic light-skinned Indo-European tribes from Central Asia around 1500-100 BC, who overthrew an earlier and more advanced dark-skinned Dravidian civilization...

The Fall of Bronze Age Civilizations

A fragmentary mosaic of ancient source material describes in outline the collapse of urban civilizations throughout the eastern Mediterranean region, c. 1250 - 1090 BC. Most likely this was caused by a breakdown in trade links that had helped to sustain distant urban populations. These populations had otherwise surpassed the subsistence capacity of their local agricultural resources.

Proto-Indo-European root

The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic parts of words that carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes. PIE roots usually have verbal meaning like "eat" or "run". Roots never occur alone in the language. Complete inflected words like verbs, nouns or adjectives are formed by adding further morphemes to a root. Typically, a root plus a suffix forms a stem, and adding...

The Mysterious Collapse of the Hittite Empire

From his capital, Hattusa, in central Anatolia, the last-known Hittite king, Suppiluliuma II (1207 B.C.-?), ruled over a people who had once built a great empire—one of the superpowers (along with Egypt, Mittani, Babylon and Assyria) of the Late Bronze Age. The Kingdom of the Hittites, called Hatti, had stretched across the face of Anatolia...

The Scythians

A history of the Scythians including their culture, cities, rulers, achievements and contributions to civilization The Scythians were members of a nomadic people originally of Iranian stock who migrated from Central Asia to Southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centruries BC. Centered on what is now the Crimea, the Scythians founded a rich, powerful empire that survived for several centuries before succumbing to the Sarmatians during the 4th century...



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