• mother móðir māter mḗtēr mātár mati mācer móteris mayr
  • same sem sama singuli hama samu samlith
  • knee ǵénu kniu gónu jā́nu zānūk gjuni keni
  • wolf wl̥kwos wulfs lupus lúkos vŕ̥kaḥ vǝhrka vlĭkŭ ulk walkw
  • milk hmelǵ miluks mulgeō amélgō mā́ršti marǝzait mŭlzu melg
  • new néwo niujis novus néos náva novŭ naujas newydd nor
  • wheel kwekwlo hvēl kúklos cakrá kolo kellin cylch kugullas
  • give ghabh giban habeō gábhastiḥ gabać gabtun gaibid

Indo-European Languages
Balto-Slavic Family

The Balto-Slavic languages are spoken mainly in Eastern Europe; they were not attested until late in the first millennium AD. There are two major groups: Baltic, and Slavic.

Indo-European Languages
Evolution and Locale Maps

All living languages evolve over time, adding & losing vocabulary, morphological behavior, and syntactic structures, and changing in the ways they are pronounced by their speakers.

Old-Iranian
Series Introduction

The term 'Old Iranian' is the designation for the sub-group of Indo-European languages which, between approximately 1350 and 350 B.C., spread across the Iranian plateau, an area bounded in the north by present-day Turkmenistan, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains, in the...

Family Tree of Languages Has Roots in Anatolia, Biologists Say

The family includes English and most other European languages, as well as Persian, Hindi and many others. Despite the importance of the languages, specialists have long disagreed about their origin. Linguists believe that the first speakers of the mother tongue, known as proto-Indo-European, were chariot-driving pastoralists who burst out of their homeland on the steppes above the Black Sea about 4,000 years ago...

The Indo-European Family of Languages

Most languages in Europe, the Middle-East, and India appear to descend from a common ancestral language known to scholars as "proto-Indo-European," as set forth by William Jones and his work with Sanskrit. This common ancestral language appears to be unrelated to other world languages spoken in China, Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, Africa, indigenous Australia and indigenous America, Polynesia, Finland, Hungary, the lands of classical Hebrew, and other regions...

Indo-European migrations [GALLERY]

The Indo-Europeans, or their language and culture, spread from their "homeland" into western Europe, central Asia and India. The Kurgan hypothesis describes the initial spread of Proto-Indo-European during the 5th and 4th millennia BC. Knowledge of them comes chiefly from the linguistic reconstruction, along with material evidence from archaeology and archaeogenetics. According to some archaeologists, PIE speakers cannot be assumed to have been a single, identifiable people...

The Indo-European Family of Languages

The most widely studied language family in the world is the Indo-European. There are a number of reasons for this: Many of the most important languages of the world are Indo-European. These languages are official or co-official in many countries and are important in academic, technical...

The Indo-European Language Family Tree Chart

The chart below shows the relations among some of the languages in the Indo-European family. Though you wouldn't think to look at the tangle of lines and arrows, the chart is very much simplified: many languages and even whole language families are left out. Use it, therefore, with caution. The coverage is most thorough, but still far from complete, in the Germanic branch, which includes English...

Proto-Greek language

The Proto-Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean, the classical Greek dialects (Attic-Ionic, Aeolic, Doric and Arcado-Cypriot), and ultimately Koine, Byzantine and modern Greek. Some scholars would include the fragmentary ancient Macedonian language, either as descended from an earlier "Proto-Hellenic" language, or by definition including it among the descendants of...

Ancient Greek Artifacts

The science developed from the study of the Indo-European superfamily of languages, by far the largest in number of languages and number of speakers. Nearly half of the world's population speaks an Indo-European language as a first language; six of the 10 languages in which Scientific American appears--English, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish--belong to this superfamily.

Ancient Iranian Art [GALLERY]

To understand Iran, its related societies and people, one must first attempt to acquire an understanding of their culture. It is in the study of this area that the Iranian people's identity optimally expresses itself. As prominent Iranologist Richard Nelson Frye writes, in the first sentence of his latest book on Persia, "Iran's prize possession has been its culture.”

Proto-Indo-European root

The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic parts of words that carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes. PIE roots usually have verbal meaning like "eat" or "run". Roots never occur alone in the language. Complete inflected words like verbs, nouns or adjectives are formed by adding further morphemes to a root. Typically, a root plus a suffix forms a stem, and adding...

Proto-Celtic Roots

The Celtic languages are one of the most important chapters of European language, yet that chapter is at the precipice. Only six Celtic languages are spoken today with any native currency, all of them Insular Celtic languages, and no Celtic language can be described as "thriving." Manx and Cornish are virtually dead; Breton may die within our lifetimes; Welsh soon after our lifetimes; Scots Gaelic is in sharp decline; and Irish, also in decline, sits at the cliffedge, its fate still undecided.

The Mysterious Collapse of the Hittite Empire

From his capital, Hattusa, in central Anatolia, the last-known Hittite king, Suppiluliuma II (1207 B.C.-?), ruled over a people who had once built a great empire—one of the superpowers (along with Egypt, Mittani, Babylon and Assyria) of the Late Bronze Age. The Kingdom of the Hittites, called Hatti, had stretched across the face of Anatolia...

Hittite Artifacts [GALLERY]

By 1700 B.C., people speaking Hittite—an Indo-European language—had founded a capital at Bogazköy (ancient Hattusha) and, under a series of powerful kings, established a state in central Anatolia. The Hittite army attacked and partly destroyed Babylon in 1595 B.C., and in 1285 B.C. fought a battle against the Egyptian king Ramesses II at Qadesh in Syria.

The Scythians

A history of the Scythians including their culture, cities, rulers, achievements and contributions to civilization The Scythians were members of a nomadic people originally of Iranian stock who migrated from Central Asia to Southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centruries BC. Centered on what is now the Crimea, the Scythians founded a rich, powerful empire that survived for several centuries before succumbing to the Sarmatians during the 4th century...

The Fall of Bronze Age Civilizations

A fragmentary mosaic of ancient source material describes in outline the collapse of urban civilizations throughout the eastern Mediterranean region, c. 1250 - 1090 BC. Most likely this was caused by a breakdown in trade links that had helped to sustain distant urban populations. These populations had otherwise surpassed the subsistence capacity of their local agricultural resources.

Aryan Invasion of India: Myth or Truth?

One of the main ideas used to interpret and generally devalue the ancient history of India is the theory of the Aryan invasion. According to this account, India was invaded and conquered by nomadic light-skinned Indo-European tribes from Central Asia around 1500-100 BC, who overthrew an earlier and more advanced dark-skinned Dravidian civilization...



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